Utility of Salivary Cortisol Measurements in Cushing's Syndrome and Adrenal Insufficiency

Hershel Raff PhD*

 

Endocrine Research Laboratory, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI 53215; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226

 

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hraff@mcw.edu.

 

Context. The measurement of cortisol in saliva is a simple, reproducible, and reliable test to evaluate the normal and disordered control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. There are a variety of simple methods to obtain saliva samples without stress, making this a robust test applicable to many different experimental and clinical situations.

 

Evidence Acquisition. Ovid Medline and PubMed from 1950 to present were searched using the following strategies: [<saliva or salivary>and<cortisol or hydrocortisone>and<Cushing or Cushing's>] and [<saliva or salivary>and<cortisol or hydrocortisone>and<adrenal insufficiency or hypoadrenalism or hypopituitarism or Addison's disease>]. The bibliographies of all relevant citations were evaluated for any additional appropriate citations.

 

Evidence Synthesis. Measurement of an elevated late-night (2300 h – midnight) salivary cortisol has a >90% sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of endogenous Cushing's syndrome. Late-night salivary cortisol measurements are also useful to monitor patients for remission and/or recurrence after pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease. Because it is a surrogate for plasma free cortisol, the measurement of salivary cortisol may be useful during an ACTH stimulation test in patients with increased plasma binding protein concentrations due to increased estrogen, or decreased plasma binding protein concentrations during critical illness. Most reference laboratories now offer salivary cortisol testing.

 

Conclusions. It is expected that the use of the measurement of salivary cortisol will become routine in the evaluation of patients with disorders of the HPA axis.

 

From http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/jc.2009-1166v1